【读书】《萨特的世纪》笔记（四）
存在主义就是反人道主义
什么？这个小标题居然说存在主义反人道主义？没错。尽管萨特曾经向人们解释为什么存在主义是一种人道主义，但作者列维告诉我们，萨特的存在主义事实上是一种反人道主义。
我们首先应该知道，唯心主义与人道主义是有一定的联系的，因为只有人才有意识。萨特强调，也许意识是有尊严的。也许意识是突出的，不会甘心消融在事物的连续过程中。但是，事物也存在着。事物不仅仅独立存在着，而且存在于意识的上游，而意识则将事物记录在案。
但是，应该把本体论的优先权授予哪一方呢？萨特在这一点上是明确的，是事物，或者说，是物质。不仅如此，而且萨特认为意识是无法“识破”事物的秘密的，事物是不可以理解的。萨特不是唯灵论者，不是对意识、对主观性、对人着魔的怪人；他是二十世纪伟大的唯物主义哲学家。
萨特对于阿尔都塞、对于柏格森、对于梅洛-庞蒂的态度，都可以说明这一点。
存在主义是人道主义吗？不是，当然不可能是。存在主义是当代反人道主义者的第一次表现。
什么是魔鬼？
自传——人们总是在想：萨特为什么没有写一部他自己的道德经呢？为什么除了《文字（词语）》之外，他没有留下真正的回忆录呢？所谓自传，是给自己讲故事，那首先要有个“自己”才行；要写“回忆录”，首先要有“回忆”，是要回想或遗忘什么事；但是萨特没有回忆，要把生活写进一本书里，这是他的性格和风格都不能允许的。
透明——萨特说，我没有任何事要隐瞒。我没有任何事要保存起来，所以也就没有任何事要隐瞒。萨特没有内在性，因此也就没有什么秘密。他没有主体性，没有意识上的褶皱和曲折，因此也就不需要有值得保护的阴暗和隐秘之处。这是萨特反人道主义的极限，但同时也是其后果。
写字的怪物——因为萨特对自己不感兴趣，因为他向内心的力量和形式全面地宣战了，他的经历就像一架真正的创造的机器，一架积累文学的机器。
毒品——传说他大把大把地吃毒品，就像巴尔扎克一杯接一杯地喝咖啡一样。你疯了，你这样会丧命的！我才不管会不会丧命呢，死就死，只要“我脑袋里装上一个太阳”；就算把脑袋敲碎了，让神经和身体都垮了，又有什么要紧，只要能超速运转起来，能够超能力发挥，能够达到过热的状态。——要通过数量来达到文学上的优秀。
萨特的疯狂——他单独一个人，什么人都不见。只在吃饭的时候才停一会儿。他对波伏娃讲述说，因为他的两只手都脏得发黑了，所以人们都称他是“戴着黑手套的人”。因为他仍然在写。他永远在写。从某种意义上说，他一会儿也不停地在写。于是，他没有时间洗手——也没有时间劈柴生火取暖。有一天早上，人们不得不阻拦他，因为，为了争取时间，他正打算把家里的家具都烧了。
萨特的潇洒——同时，令人感到吃惊的是，萨特对待作品的态度之轻浮。他的草稿从来不看第二遍。校样几乎也不怎么改动。对引述文字从不核对出处，也不管是否准确。他根本不看批评文章；不审查翻译的版本；根本不关心出版的印数，以后的销售帐他也从不过问。书籍一旦出版后，就不受他的控制，他甚至忘记了自己写过什么作品。他将作品到处乱扔，视作品如粪土。
萨特和金钱——萨特经常有一百多万，手边就有，像香烟和打火机一样，随手就能拿到。直到后来他眼睛看不见了，才很不情愿地放弃了到处乱花钱的习惯。钱有一种容易消失的特点，这是他喜欢看到的。他想让钱像焰火一样灿烂地消失。
萨特与家——萨特从来不喜欢家，他喜欢居无定所的感觉。对他来说，旅馆就是最好的家。他不要呆滞，因此也不愿拥有，他会拒绝一切让他囿于一处的东西。
萨特与荣誉——萨特是个爱慕光荣的人，但是他却拒绝一切官方荣誉。由于萨特在抵抗德军占领期间的功勋，1945年便有人提议授给他荣誉军团勋章，他拒绝了。四年以后，莫利亚克提议让他申请加入法兰西科学院当院士，他又谢绝了。他拒绝进入“七星丛书”，他说进入丛书就是“让人活活埋掉”。最最夸张的是，他竟然拒绝了诺贝尔文学奖，这在当时引起了很大的风波。
萨特与时间——萨特认为，没有过去。根本就不用忠诚于过去，而恰恰是要与过去分离。在萨特的理论中，过去什么也不是，它已经没有分量，没有任何推动力。瞬间，只有瞬间才是重要的。他的哲学是自由的哲学。
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