【读书】《萨特的世纪》笔记(四)

 

存在主义就是反人道主义

什么?这个小标题居然说存在主义反人道主义?没错。尽管萨特曾经向人们解释为什么存在主义是一种人道主义,但作者列维告诉我们,萨特的存在主义事实上是一种反人道主义。

我们首先应该知道,唯心主义与人道主义是有一定的联系的,因为只有人才有意识。萨特强调,也许意识是有尊严的。也许意识是突出的,不会甘心消融在事物的连续过程中。但是,事物也存在着。事物不仅仅独立存在着,而且存在于意识的上游,而意识则将事物记录在案。

但是,应该把本体论的优先权授予哪一方呢?萨特在这一点上是明确的,是事物,或者说,是物质。不仅如此,而且萨特认为意识是无法“识破”事物的秘密的,事物是不可以理解的。萨特不是唯灵论者,不是对意识、对主观性、对人着魔的怪人;他是二十世纪伟大的唯物主义哲学家。

萨特对于阿尔都塞、对于柏格森、对于梅洛-庞蒂的态度,都可以说明这一点。

存在主义是人道主义吗?不是,当然不可能是。存在主义是当代反人道主义者的第一次表现。

什么是魔鬼?

自传——人们总是在想:萨特为什么没有写一部他自己的道德经呢?为什么除了《文字(词语)》之外,他没有留下真正的回忆录呢?所谓自传,是给自己讲故事,那首先要有个“自己”才行;要写“回忆录”,首先要有“回忆”,是要回想或遗忘什么事;但是萨特没有回忆,要把生活写进一本书里,这是他的性格和风格都不能允许的。

透明——萨特说,我没有任何事要隐瞒。我没有任何事要保存起来,所以也就没有任何事要隐瞒。萨特没有内在性,因此也就没有什么秘密。他没有主体性,没有意识上的褶皱和曲折,因此也就不需要有值得保护的阴暗和隐秘之处。这是萨特反人道主义的极限,但同时也是其后果。

写字的怪物——因为萨特对自己不感兴趣,因为他向内心的力量和形式全面地宣战了,他的经历就像一架真正的创造的机器,一架积累文学的机器。

毒品——传说他大把大把地吃毒品,就像巴尔扎克一杯接一杯地喝咖啡一样。你疯了,你这样会丧命的!我才不管会不会丧命呢,死就死,只要“我脑袋里装上一个太阳”;就算把脑袋敲碎了,让神经和身体都垮了,又有什么要紧,只要能超速运转起来,能够超能力发挥,能够达到过热的状态。——要通过数量来达到文学上的优秀。

萨特的疯狂——他单独一个人,什么人都不见。只在吃饭的时候才停一会儿。他对波伏娃讲述说,因为他的两只手都脏得发黑了,所以人们都称他是“戴着黑手套的人”。因为他仍然在写。他永远在写。从某种意义上说,他一会儿也不停地在写。于是,他没有时间洗手——也没有时间劈柴生火取暖。有一天早上,人们不得不阻拦他,因为,为了争取时间,他正打算把家里的家具都烧了。

萨特的潇洒——同时,令人感到吃惊的是,萨特对待作品的态度之轻浮。他的草稿从来不看第二遍。校样几乎也不怎么改动。对引述文字从不核对出处,也不管是否准确。他根本不看批评文章;不审查翻译的版本;根本不关心出版的印数,以后的销售帐他也从不过问。书籍一旦出版后,就不受他的控制,他甚至忘记了自己写过什么作品。他将作品到处乱扔,视作品如粪土。

萨特和金钱——萨特经常有一百多万,手边就有,像香烟和打火机一样,随手就能拿到。直到后来他眼睛看不见了,才很不情愿地放弃了到处乱花钱的习惯。钱有一种容易消失的特点,这是他喜欢看到的。他想让钱像焰火一样灿烂地消失。

萨特与家——萨特从来不喜欢家,他喜欢居无定所的感觉。对他来说,旅馆就是最好的家。他不要呆滞,因此也不愿拥有,他会拒绝一切让他囿于一处的东西。

萨特与荣誉——萨特是个爱慕光荣的人,但是他却拒绝一切官方荣誉。由于萨特在抵抗德军占领期间的功勋,1945年便有人提议授给他荣誉军团勋章,他拒绝了。四年以后,莫利亚克提议让他申请加入法兰西科学院当院士,他又谢绝了。他拒绝进入“七星丛书”,他说进入丛书就是“让人活活埋掉”。最最夸张的是,他竟然拒绝了诺贝尔文学奖,这在当时引起了很大的风波。

萨特与时间——萨特认为,没有过去。根本就不用忠诚于过去,而恰恰是要与过去分离。在萨特的理论中,过去什么也不是,它已经没有分量,没有任何推动力。瞬间,只有瞬间才是重要的。他的哲学是自由的哲学。

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