【读书】《理想国》·第十卷·解读笔记
出场人物:
苏格拉底
格劳孔
核心内容:
在这卷中苏格拉底主要做了两件事:第一件是再次说明了拒绝诗人的理由;第二件是用了一个故事来提出灵魂不朽说。
先说第一件。苏格拉底把画家和诗人假设成一种“匠人”,这种“匠人”可以“制作”一切东西,但他们所谓的“制作”真的是“制作”吗?以床为例,设想有三种床,一种是理念中的床,一种是木匠造出的床,一种是画家的床,分别是神、木匠、画家造这三种床。但事实上只有神和木匠可以被称为制造者,画家只能被称为模仿者,不是吗?
诗人同画家一样,他们是声音的模仿者。诗人和画家作为模仿者,并不具有真正的知识,而只会模仿术,模仿术摹仿出来的事物是最不真实而且最低级的。这些事物与真实的知识隔了两层(神圣的原型、神圣的模仿物)。
又,人在冷静的时候的状态是难以模仿的,即便模仿出来,也不能起到吸引人眼球的效果,因为它几乎基本不变。非理性才给模仿者提供了大量各式各样的模仿材料,既然这个心灵中相对低贱的部分是诗人创造的源泉,我们又怎么能让诗人祸害我们的城邦呢?所以,我们一定不能把诗歌当成一种有真理依据的事物去看待(事实上这点在第二卷中已经有初步论述)。
第二件是灵魂不朽的故事,苏格拉底以此说明正义者所受到的最大好处,并以此作为话题的终点。在这故事之前,苏格拉底说,肉体的恶只能毁灭肉体,灵魂的恶也只能降低灵魂的价值,不能摧毁灵魂,由此证明灵魂是不朽的。
不朽的灵魂在转世时,会按照自己本世的习惯和喜好选择下一世所要过的生活。在这个选择的过程中,只有真正善和智慧的人才能做出正确的选择,过上好的生活。因此即便现世发生的苦难和不幸也不应该改变你对善的看法,否则你就会在转世时作出错误的选择。这便是正义所受到的最大的奖励。
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终于写完了,很粗糙很简略的笔记,旨在用最精简的文字概括《理想国》的核心内容。因为柏拉图在叙述时经常采取迂回的对话方法,有些重点部分也会反复讨论到,所以在缩略总结时会有点困难,导致笔记在语言和逻辑上出现些小问题,日后在形成论文的过程中我会继续将其完善。
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