【读书】现代西方哲学名人堂——库恩(下)
3.科学革命时期
库恩认为,相继于危机之后的是科学革命时期。他与波普尔一样,在科学家创立新理论的问题上持直觉主义或非理性主义的态度。
新范式与旧范式是根本对立、互不相容的,不抛弃旧范式,就不能建立新范式,但不建立新范式,也绝不能抛弃旧范式。
在库恩的科学革命理论中,贯彻着一个与波普尔的观点十分不同的思想,那就是波普尔认为理论能被经验一次性证伪,而库恩认为,不一致只是反常,大量的反常也不能够驱逐一个理论,只有新范式才能。
4.科学发展的动态模式
前科学时期——常态科学时期——反常与危机——科学革命——新常态科学时期……
库恩理论的片面性:
(1)把“范式”定义为心里信念;
(2)在同一时期只能有一种态度。
三、不可知论的认识论
1.不可知论和约定主义
库恩的整个科学哲学是建立在不可知论的基础上的。他认为,范式不是对客观世界的认识,更不是对客观世界规律性的反映,它是在不同社会历史条件下形成的科学共同体的共同心理上的信念。由于不同科学共同体的范式不同(或许可以用来解释中西医的对立?),他们心目中的世界也就不同。
他还从语言学的角度证明了这一点,预示了大陆哲学和英美哲学两大传统的融合。
因此库恩认为,科学家们研究的不是客观的外在世界,而只是主体间约定的世界。
2.实用主义的真理论
在库恩看来,科学的范式没有真理性可言,即便有,也仅有约定性意义和工具意义。
由此出发,库恩反对波普尔关于真理是与客观事实相符合,以及认识不断逼近真理的真理论。
四、范式的不可通约性
1.范式的不可通约性
库恩认为,由于范式的不同不是认识同一世界的深化程度不同,而是心理信念的不同,因而它们在逻辑上是互不相容的。
后来库恩的这种不可交流的观点受到了多方面的驳斥,他不得不承认不同范式之间有一定的联系,同意奎因的“译不准原则”。
2.否认科学的客观进步性
库恩否认科学在认识客观世界上是发展的,范式的更替只是观念的转换。如果非要谈进步性的话,那也只是新范式比旧范式作为应付环境的工具更好用了而已。
库恩的科学哲学中的相对主义成分后为拉卡托斯和费耶阿本德所发展。
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