【读书】现代西方哲学名人堂——德里达
一、反逻各斯中心主义
德里达认为西方文化自古以来就受西方传统文化的约束,奉行一种逻各斯中心主义,即“言语中心主义”。这是一种抬高口头语言,压制书面语言的理论。因为在语言中心主义者看来,言语是直接表达“在场”的,它们是一级能指;而书写是言语的记录或摹写,它们是二级能指。因此,“言语中心主义”背后的理论根据实际上是“在场形而上学”。
德里达反对这种传统的重视“在场”而忽视“不在场”的观点。他认为,解构作为一种方法,其步骤有二:
(1)“颠覆”,把以在场为主,不在场为次的对立关系颠倒过来,强调不在场的重要性;
(2)“改变”,消解以往那种对立于它们之间不定的游移和变化中。
在德里达看来,既然对文本的理解和解释没有固定不变的意义,那么对于文本的理解或阅读也是因人因时而异,没有正确和不正确可言的。这样,德里达就与库恩殊途同归,得出了“语言不可通约性”的结论,从而实现了科学主义和人本主义两大对立思潮的汇合。
2.哲学与文学的解构
德里达反对传统的关于哲学与文学的二元对立的关系,哲学处于中心地位,文学处于边缘低位。
他认为哲学与文学之间并没有明确的对立界限,原因在于隐喻在哲学中像在文学中一样,也起着主要作用。
3.存在主义与结构主义的解构
德里达认为,存在主义和结构主义两者看来截然对立,其实是彼此相通的,是可以通过他的解构主义的游戏而消解的。
4.论解构阅读
德里达认为,解构主义不是一种理论,主要是一种阅读方式。
他认为有两种对文本的阅读方式:一种是传统的阅读方式,另一种是解构的阅读方式。他把文本比喻成一张编织成的大网,主观主义阅读方式不管网络的内在联系,在“网眼”里乱填乱塞,从而破坏了网络;客观主义(传统)的阅读方式则谨小慎微,拒绝在“网眼”中加入任何属于自己的东西,从而一无所获。而解构的阅读方式是一种参与到编织中去的方式,既是阅读,又是创作。
德里达的解构理论与后现代主义思潮有直接的联系,被人们公认是后现代主义思潮的哲学源头。
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