【读书】现代西方哲学名人堂——海德格尔(下)

 

3.此在的去弊——畏与惧

如何解除之前所说的“沉沦状态”呢?海德格尔的答案是“畏”(Angst)。“畏”并不是“怕”,而比“怕”更可怕。“畏”没有具体的畏惧对象,畏的是存在自身,畏的是“死亡”。因为人们只有在面对死亡时,才能体会到最本真的存在,才能发现自己、脱离他人。

海德格尔把时间分成“本真的时间”和“非本真的时间”。“非本真的时间”即通常所谓的物理时间,这是一种失落在沉沦中的时间。“本真的时间”是此在的显现,是一种以“将在”为核心的、“将在”、“现在”、“曾在”三者交融的时间。实际上这种时间是指人的存在的历史性或暂时性。

4.论现代科学技术

从他的哲学观点出发,海德格尔贬低科学技术,他认为作为现代科学技术基础的数学和物理学,否弃了存在物的丰富性、生动性和多样性。

海德格尔认为现代科学技术异化了人性,这种思想为后世的后现代主义和某些生态伦理学所发扬。

二、语言和存在

1.语言是存在的寓所

后期海德格尔认为,既然“存在”是人内在的体验,而思想又总是通过语言显现的,所以“语言是存在的家”。他因此反对“语言工具说”这一传统的观点,反对将语言符号化。

2.说话的是语言而不是人

海德格尔由于自觉前期的主观主义倾向过于明显,因此他在后期大谈语言的重要,转向谈论语言的客观精神性。

他区分了“说”与“言”。认为人们生活中的说话只是“说”而不是“言”。“言”可以无声。说出这种不可说出的语言的最好的途径是诗,诗与思才是人的言说的本真方式。

海德格尔关于语言客观化的观点有两条重要意义:

(1)语言是人类的语言,它有自身的规律,说话者只能按语言的规律使用语言,而不能任意改变规则;

(2)思想通过语言而体现自身,因而从一定的意义上说,语言制约思想的发展。

萨特、伽达默尔、德里达等人都受到过海德格尔思想的影响。

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